How to Raise the Chicks

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Development of large, horizontal-axis wind turbines

A program to develop large, horizontal-axis wind turbines is discussed. The program is directed toward developing the technology for safe, reliable, environmentally acceptable large wind turbines that can generate a significant amount of electricity at costs competitive with those of conventional electricity-generating systems. In addition, these large wind turbines must be fully compatible with electric utility operations and interface requirements. Several ongoing projects in large-wind-turbine development are directed toward meeting the technology requirements for utility applications. The machines based on first-generation technology (Mod-OA and Mod-1) successfully completed their planned periods of experimental operation in June, 1982. The second-generation machines (Mod-2) are in operation at selected utility sites. A third-generation machine (Mod-5) is under contract. Erection and initial operation of the Mod-5 in Hawaii should take place in 1986. Each successive generation of technology increased reliability and energy capture while reducing the cost of electricity. These advances are being made by gaining a better understanding of the system-design drivers, improving the analytical design tools, verifying design methods with operating field data, and incorporating new technology and innovative designs. Information is given on the results from the first- and second-generation machines (Mod-OA, - 1, and -2), the status of the Department of Interior, and the status of the third-generation wind turbine (Mod-5)

An Analysis of the Differences in Preemptive Kidney Transplantation Between Blacks and Whites

Background. This cohort study investigates whether there are inequities in the allocation of cadaver kidneys for preemptive kidney transplants (PKT) between blacks and whites. Methods. This analysis uses descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate analyses to identify factors associated with the determination of whether a patient receives a PKT or a conventional, post dialysis kidney transplant. The sample includes patients identified by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) as having end stage renal disease (ESRD), \u3e19 years of age, either black or white, and receiving either a PKT (0-\u3c6 months dialysis) or conventional transplant between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2003 (n = 10,067) from any of the 11 organ procurement regions in the United States. Results. Whites were more likely to receive a PKT (p\u3c0.05). Females were 23% more likely to receive a preemptive kidney transplant as males. Those without hypertension as the primary cause of ESRD were more than 3 times more likely to receive a PKT. Those without diabetes as the primary cause of ESRD were as than 2 times more likely to receive a PKT. Those without glomerulonephritis as the primary cause of ESRD were more than 2 times as likely to receive a PKT. Interestingly, this research shows that the leading causes of ESRD in blacks and whites who received PKTs was diabetes, 22% and 31% respectively. Black conventional transplant recipients had higher rates of hypertension and diabetes than did black PKT recipients overall. White conventional kidney transplant recipients had the highest rates of diabetes (39.19%) of all groups. Of all PKT recipients, blacks received 10.76% compared with 89.24% received by whites. The mean age for blacks receiving PKTs was 48.4 years of age compared with 47 years of age for black conventional kidney transplant recipients. The mean age for whites, both PKT and conventional transplant recipients was approximately 49 years of age. Higher percentages of PKTs took place in the northeastern and southeastern regions (UNOS regions 2 and 3) of the United States. The majority of PKT recipients, both blacks and whites, received their donor organs from whites. Blacks received 69.42% white donor, organs compared with 77.61% received by whites. Blacks did receive 17.43% of their donor organs from blacks, with whites receiving approximately 6% of their organs from blacks. For those receiving PKTs during the study period, 86% of whites and 81% of blacks were still alive with functioning grafts at the conclusion of the study period. Medicare A and B as the primary insurance and those who had Medicare as a secondary payer each did reflect statistical significance as indicators of being less likely than patients insured otherwise. Conclusion. From this analysis it is concluded that a disparity exists in the allocation of PKTs between blacks and whites. These results indicate that blacks are less likely to receive a PKT than their white ESRD counterparts, females are more likely to receive a preemptive kidney transplant than males, and that both males and females are more likely to receive a PKT if they do not have a diagnosis as the primary cause of their ESRD of hypertension, diabetes and/or glomerulonephritis. These results suggest that there may be remediable inequities in the current system relating to the policies of UNOS and that PKTs can be allocated in a more equitable manner

Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of a heat stabilizing siloxane

Siloxanes, renowned for their heat resistance and release properties, are prone to oxidize above 200°C. The goal herein is to increase siloxane bath life used in fuser roll applications at temperatures above 200°C, yielding faster production, less waste, and cost savings by keeping the bath viscosity stable through prevention of thermal degradation. The methods detailed herein react a hydrosiloxane with an amino functional alcohol (4-(phenylamino)-phenol). The alcoholysis (or dehydrogenative coupling) moves forward with the removal of hydrogen and formation of the desired product (Scheme 1). Reactions were conducted on both NMR scale and lab scale. The results of the synthesis were characterized via NMR spectroscopy and evaluated via heat age studies. The material, confirmed via 29Si NMR, was proven effective through heat age testing in both fluid and elastomer formulations

Preliminary evidence for the influence of physiography and scale upon the autocorrelation function of remotely sensed data

Previously established results demonstrate that LANDSAT data are autocorrelated and can be described by a univariate linear stochastic process known as auto-regressive-integrated-moving-average model of degree 1, 0, 1 or ARIMA (1, 0, 1). This model has two coefficients of interest for interpretation phi(1) and theta(1). In a comparison of LANDSAT thematic mapper simulator (TMS) data and LANDSAT MSS data several results were established: (1) The form of the relatedness as described by this model is not dependent upon system look angle or pixel size. (2) The phi(1) coefficient increases with decreasing pixel size and increasing topographic complexity. (3) Changes in topography have a greater influence upon phi(1) than changes in land cover class. (4) The theta(1) seems to vary with the amount of atmospheric haze. These patterns of variation in phi(1) and theta(1) are potentially exploitable by the remote sensing community to yield stochastically independent sets of observations, characterize topography, and reduce the number of bytes needed to store remotely sensed data